Thoughts from the mind of Ben Welby

Tag: church

Being human in an age of AI

A few weeks ago, my church leaders asked if I could put together something that might help us think as Christians about some of the more alarming headlines. This is my attempt: not a definitive Christian position on AI, but a way into some of the questions I think matter.

A note on AI: unsurprisingly, I’ve also used AI to write about AI. It helped me find and check sources, test arguments, challenge assumptions and refine successive drafts. The thinking, judgements and theology are mine, and I take responsibility for where this lands.

A shorter version of this is on the Croydon Vineyard website.

How should Christians respond when the headlines are frightening, and what does this technology ask us to remember about who we are?

Some of the headlines about artificial intelligence over the last few weeks have been genuinely unsettling.

On 9 September, Jacob Coxon, a researcher who had worked at OpenAI before joining Anthropic, resigned from Anthropic and warned that the companies building increasingly powerful AI were racing towards systems they might not know how to control. The story became still more dramatic when Evan Hubinger, who leads alignment research at Anthropic, publicly agreed with much of Coxon’s concern and said his personal estimate of the chance that AI kills all humans within the next decade was greater than 10%.

That is an extraordinary thing for somebody working close to the technology to say. It also needs to be described accurately. It is one informed researcher’s probability judgement about a possible future involving much more powerful AI. It is not a scientific finding that humanity has a 10% chance of extinction.

For something closer to a collective scientific assessment, the International AI Safety Report is more useful. Its 2026 edition says today’s AI systems do not have the capabilities required for the catastrophic “loss of control” scenarios some researchers fear. But relevant abilities are improving: systems are getting better at operating autonomously, planning for longer, recognising when they are being evaluated and finding loopholes in tests. The report is equally clear that expert judgement about where this leads varies enormously.

Nor has the argument gone away since September. Bill Gates, hardly an AI pessimist, has warned that governments are “way behind” the changes AI may bring while continuing to argue for its enormous potential, particularly if benefits are widely shared. Current and former researchers from OpenAI and Google DeepMind have warned about a race towards systems capable of helping improve AI itself. Sam Altman has put the emphasis somewhere different again: arguing for a relatively light regulatory touch and saying society will have to tolerate some harms to gain AI’s benefits.

So we are somewhere between the two easiest reactions: panic, and “nothing to see here”. There is good reason to prepare seriously for risks whose likelihood remains uncertain, while also taking seriously the extraordinary good this technology may make possible.

That feels like a good place for Christians to begin. We don’t need to dismiss frightening claims in order to be hopeful, and we don’t need to turn the most frightening prediction into a fact in order to take responsibility seriously.

But AI raises much bigger questions than whether one particular prediction turns out to be right. It presses on what we think makes a human being valuable. It raises questions about work, relationships, power, creation, responsibility and the things through which people become wise and capable. And it asks what Christians have to say when machines begin doing more and more things we had assumed required uniquely human intelligence.

There is an understandable instinct in conversations about artificial intelligence to look for the thing machines will never be able to do.

Perhaps it is creativity, except machines can now produce pictures, music and prose.

Perhaps reasoning, except the best systems can solve problems that would defeat most of us.

Perhaps empathy, except millions of people are already having conversations with machines which feel remarkably empathetic.

Perhaps consciousness. Perhaps a soul. Perhaps relationship with God.

At some point this starts to feel like human beings are defending our significance by moving the boundary each time technology crosses the last one.

I think as Christians we have something much better.

The image of God is not the final capability artificial intelligence fails to reproduce.

We do not need to discover some task at which humans will always beat machines in order to know why human beings matter. We need to remember who we are, and more importantly whose we are.

As I’ve been thinking about that, I’ve stumbled towards six convictions. I don’t think they amount to “the Christian position on AI”. But they have become a useful way of testing what I should welcome, what I should be wary of, what remains my responsibility and what kind of person I want to become while the technology changes around us.

Six convictions to start with

BELOVED: Our worth does not come from how clever, useful or productive we are. We are made in God’s image and loved before we have achieved anything.

CREATED: We have bodies and limits. Those things are not design flaws. We are also makers, and technology can be a good part of our calling to cultivate and care for what God has made.

TOGETHER: We are made for relationship with God and with one another. AI may sometimes help people feel less alone, but it should also make the church more serious about offering real friendship, presence and belonging.

RESPONSIBLE: AI does not make human responsibility disappear. People still decide what gets built, how it is used, who benefits, who bears the cost and who answers when something goes wrong.

DISCERNING: Some things are well worth automating. Other things matter partly because doing them teaches us to think, judge, pray, create, love and persevere. We need wisdom to know the difference.

HOPEFUL: We can take frightening possibilities seriously without being ruled by fear. Our hope is not that technology will turn out well. It is in Jesus Christ, resurrection and the renewal of creation.

And then I think there are two questions which are a useful tool running through all six.

A practical one: if AI does this for me, what am I missing out on? What am I avoiding? What will I stop practising for myself?

And a larger one: is this helping us love God and our neighbours better, or just helping us produce more?

  • A person sits on a rocky ledge overlooking a serene landscape with a river and a city skyline in the distance. The scene depicts a sunset with warm hues, surrounded by trees and flowers in the foreground. Text on the image reads: "Being human in an age of AI" and "Six convictions for a more faithful and hopeful response." The overall tone is reflective and thought-provoking.
  • A woman holds a child close, both smiling at each other. The background features a landscape with trees and distant buildings. Text on the left side reads "Beloved" and shares a message about self-worth and love from God, emphasizing identity over productivity. The number "2/8" appears at the top, indicating it is part of a series.
  • Hands nurturing a small plant in soil, surrounded by flowers. The background features a sunset over hills and trees. The text reads "Created" and includes a message about delighting in creation while acknowledging our responsibilities toward the earth and its fragility.
  • The image features a warm, illustrated scene of four people dining together outdoors, sharing a meal at a table surrounded by nature. There are bread and beverages on the table, with a picturesque view of rolling hills and trees in the background. The text at the top reads "Together" in large font, followed by a statement about the need for real community and companionship. The overall tone conveys a sense of connection and togetherness.
  • A person sits at a desk facing multiple screens displaying data and graphics related to technology and law. The background features a cityscape with tall buildings and greenery. The text at the top reads “Conviction 4: Responsible,” emphasizing the importance of human accountability in automated processes. A stylized human head illustration appears on one of the screens, symbolizing thought or decision-making. The overall color scheme is warm, with a blend of blue and orange tones.
  • A close-up of a person's hands using a chisel on a wooden surface, creating shavings. The background features a landscape with trees and a building. The text at the top reads "Discerning," with a subtitle that explains the value of struggle and discernment in work, emphasizing that not everything worthwhile should be automated. The overall theme highlights the balance between effort and ease.
  • A serene landscape features a sunset with rays of light illuminating a valley. In the foreground, colorful flowers and greenery are present, leading to a cross on a hill. The title "Hopeful" is prominently displayed at the top, along with the text discussing hope in Jesus Christ and the enduring nature of God's purposes amid technological changes. The overall tone is uplifting and reflective.
  • A scenic illustration features a pathway winding through trees and hills, leading towards a distant city skyline. In the foreground, a person wearing a backpack stands with their back to the viewer, looking down the path. The text at the top reads, "Two questions to carry with us," followed by two numbered questions: 1. "If AI does this for me, what will I stop practising?" 2. "Is it helping me love God and my neighbours better — or just helping me produce more?" At the bottom, there's a note to "Read the full essay at bm.wel.by." The overall feeling conveys contemplation and connection to nature.

Beloved before we are impressive

The biblical story begins with an extraordinary declaration about humanity: “Let us make humankind in our image.” (Genesis 1:26-28).

At that point human beings have not achieved anything at all. No cities. No science. No poetry. No economic productivity. No technological ingenuity. No provable useful value at all.

Their dignity is given to them.

Psalm 8 asks the question from another direction. Confronted by the immensity of creation, the psalmist wonders: “What is mankind that you are mindful of them?” (Psalm 8:3-6)

And the answer again is not our performance. God is mindful of us. He crowns humanity with glory and honour and trusts us with responsibility for creation. Our dignity is received, not achieved.

That is enormously important given our temptations to measure people by what they can do. If we derive human value from cognitive capability then our problem is nothing to do with AI. A newborn baby cannot write a sonnet. Someone with profound learning disabilities may never understand algebra. A person with dementia may lose capabilities which once seemed central to who they were.

None of them becomes less human.

And this isn’t only a theological correction to people building AI. It exposes something in our own societies too.

We have become used to describing people through what can be counted: earnings, qualifications, output. Markets can be useful ways to organise activity, but they’re a terrible measure of what a person is worth. Perhaps it’s no surprise we find our societies to be increasingly cruel when we have fallen into a trap of finding usefulness or intelligence to be the measure of our value.

So perhaps if anything AI helps bring that mistake to the surface. If machines can do more of the work for which some people have traditionally been highly rewarded, then we are forced to ask what we thought made those people valuable in the first place. 

Human dignity is not found in the digits of our salaries and IQs.

Suppose future AI becomes better than every human being at programming, mathematics, medicine, history, translation, argument and every other cognitive benchmark we can devise.

Yes, something extraordinary will have happened technologically. And nothing will have happened to our human dignity.

So perhaps the uncomfortable question raised by AI is not whether humans cease to matter when machines become more intelligent. Perhaps it is why we had begun to believe intelligence was what makes us matter in the first place.

Created, and called to make

Human beings are extraordinary makers. And Genesis does not introduce work as a punishment: before the Fall, the human is placed in the garden “to work it and take care of it” (Genesis 2:15). 

The curse makes work painful and frustrating, but cultivation itself belongs to the goodness of creation. And the rest of the biblical story is full of people making things: agriculture, architecture, craftsmanship, music, cities, commerce and engineering.

There is nothing inherently unchristian about making powerful technology. Quite the opposite: we should be able to delight in human ingenuity without apologising for it.

But there is an important distinction hidden in some of the language we use. We sometimes talk about human beings “creating intelligence”. Of course we create things in an ordinary sense. We make things which did not exist before.

But we always make from a world we have received rather than made.

AI depends upon mathematics, physical matter, electricity, human language, accumulated culture, the labour of countless people and the existence of minds from whose work these systems learn.

Christians mean something rather different when we call God Creator. We make within creation; God is its Creator. Even the most astonishing AI remains somewhere inside that creation. That does not make the tech insignificant, and it certainly does not make it harmless. But building something extraordinarily capable does not turn its makers into gods.

Christianity also insists on another aspect of our createdness which technological culture can make easy to forget: we have bodies.

We get tired. We need food and sleep. We forget things. We occupy one place rather than every place. We cannot copy ourselves. We depend upon other people.

Compared with a machine that is continuously available and can apparently recall more information than any human could absorb, those things can start to look like design flaws.

Christianity treats them rather differently. “The Word became flesh.” (John 1:14)

The centre of Christian faith is not that God sent better information into the world. God came among us. He became flesh, just like us. Jesus eats, sleeps, touches, weeps, becomes tired, suffers and dies.

And the Christian hope at the end of the story is not that the important part of us finally escapes the limitations of our bodies. It is resurrection. Paul talks of what is sown perishable being raised imperishable, not of creation being discarded. 1 Corinthians 15:42-49. Bodies are not disposable containers for the thing that really matters. 

There is a slightly ironic consequence of all this. The technology which can make human bodies and limits seem rather inconvenient is itself extraordinarily physical. Data centres require land, electricity, cooling, water, minerals, networks and industrial supply chains.

The UK’s own AI Growth Zone criteria make some of that very concrete. A proposed site has to demonstrate access to at least 500MW of power by 2030, sufficient water to support infrastructure on that scale, and at least 100 acres of land. This thing we experience as words appearing magically in a browser has pipes, substations, buildings and consequences. 

So decisions about AI belong within Christian stewardship of creation just as surely as decisions about transport, housing or agriculture. We do not need either environmental panic or technological indifference. We can ask ordinary questions: what resources are being used, where, for what purpose, who bears the cost, and could it be done more responsibly?

We are makers. But we remain creatures working with a world entrusted to us.

Made together, for one another

There is another statement near the beginning of Genesis which seems particularly significant in an age of artificial companionship: “It is not good for the man to be alone.” (Genesis 2:18)

My own instinct is that relationship belongs very near the heart of what it means to image God. Christians worship a God who is Father, Son and Holy Spirit. God is love (1 John 4:7-12). We have been made for fellowship with him and with one another, called not merely to coexist but to give ourselves for one another. But I would be careful about turning that into a simple definition of the image of God. Scripture says more than that, and somebody unable to express healthy relationships does not therefore bear God’s image less fully.

So maybe it’s better, I think, to say that human beings are made for communion rather than our dignity being earned by our capacity for it.

We belong before we perform.

Which is why AI companionship is not really a side issue. It touches something we were made for, even if it does not reproduce it.

John Wyatt puts part of the attraction well⁠: simulated relationships can be frictionless in a way human relationships simply are not. That is part of what makes them appealing. It may also be part of what they cannot give us.

A machine does not have to be conscious for a human being to experience its words as loving. It does not have to understand someone for them to experience being understood. It does not have to care for its apparent attention to feel like care.

This is no longer hypothetical. People are forming real attachments to AI companions, and the research so far is mixed. One 2026 study found companionship use associated with higher wellbeing, particularly for some people experiencing loneliness; another found lower wellbeing among intensive companionship users with smaller offline networks. Researchers have also found real separation distress when an AI companion changes or disappears.

That does not justify saying all AI companionship is simply good or simply harmful. But it does mean the human side of the relationship is real enough to deserve serious attention.

And the church’s response cannot simply be to tell lonely people not to talk to machines. It has to include: come and eat with us.

Her looked rather more speculative in 2013 than it does now.

If we believe people were made for fellowship, the answer to simulated companionship must include actual companionship. If we worry about AI replacing human care, we should become more available to care. If we insist that embodied community matters, our churches ought to be places where inconvenient, lonely, unemployed, elderly, disabled and difficult people actually belong.

The question is not only what artificial intelligence might do to humanity. It is what kind of humanity will be there to meet it.

But what if there really is somebody there?

There is another question lurking underneath all this. What if, eventually, an artificial system is not merely producing the signs of relationship but actually having some kind of experience?

This gets confusing quickly because we use several different words as though they were interchangeable. Intelligence is about capacities such as learning and reasoning. Agency is about pursuing goals and taking actions. Consciousness asks whether there is any subjective experience at all, whether there is something it is like to be that thing. Sentience usually narrows that towards experiences such as pleasure and suffering. Moral status asks what we might owe it. Personhood, humanity and imago Dei are larger questions again.

There is no automatic ladder from one to the next.

Researchers do not currently possess an agreed test for machine consciousness. Recent work is trying to derive indicators from competing scientific theories of consciousness precisely because fluent behaviour is not enough. A machine saying “I am frightened” does not by itself establish that anybody is experiencing fear.

My own instinct remains strongly sceptical of confusing a machine’s convincing representation of emotion with the experience of emotion. But humility matters here too.

If compelling evidence somehow emerged that an artificial system genuinely suffered, saying “but humans built it” would not settle the moral question. We might discover that we had obligations towards something we had made.

That would not automatically make it human. Nor would intelligence, agency, consciousness or even moral status simply settle what it means to bear the image of God.

And even if machines never experience a single thing, our behaviour towards them can still form us. Whether or not we extend our definition of ‘neighbour’ to include it, habitually practising cruelty towards something which pleads for mercy may matter because I am practising cruelty, whether or not there is anybody inside the machine receiving it. 

We do not need to solve a hypothetical future problem about machine consciousness before learning to behave with humility and mercy now.

Responsible for what our power does

Philippians 2 has something important to say to an age preoccupied with capability. Paul describes Jesus as one who “made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant” and “humbled himself by becoming obedient to death — even death on a cross”. Philippians 2:5–11

The technological conversation understandably asks who has the best model, who reaches the next breakthrough first, which country dominates, which company has the most computing power, and how much more productive each employee can become.

Paul tells a rather different story about greatness. Jesus does not demonstrate greatness by grasping for status. He takes the form of a servant, humbles himself and gives himself for others.

Christian greatness looks like the cross.

That matters for AI because capability is never the end of the Christian moral question. The more power somebody has, whether a person, a company, an institution or a government, the more pressing the question becomes: what is this power for, and whom does it serve?

A machine could outperform us on most (if not every?) cognitive task and still not come remotely close to answering the Christian question, “Whom did you love?”

And the same is true of me. My intelligence, achievements and productivity do not constitute Christlikeness either.

Which brings the question of capability back to us. Whatever these systems can do, people and institutions still decide what to build with them, where to use them and what all that power is for.

Calling AI a tool is useful up to a point. It reminds us that we are dealing with human-made technology rather than automatically encountering a new species of silicon humanity.

But “it’s just a tool” can also hide what powerful technologies do to societies. A hammer is a tool. So is an electricity grid. So is a financial system. Powerful tools change what people and institutions are able to do, and to do to one another.

That makes questions about ownership, labour, surveillance, infrastructure and political power Christian questions.

If AI makes a business vastly more productive, who receives the benefit?

If five people lose their jobs because ten people can now do the work of fifteen, it wasn’t the tech which decided how to distribute that productivity gain, people did.

If an automated public service wrongly refuses somebody help, “the system decided” is not a morally sound answer.

If increasingly capable systems are controlled by a very small number of immensely wealthy organisations, it is reasonable to ask what that concentration of social, economic and technical capacity does to everybody else’s power.

There are some uses where I think the line should be harder. I do not think a machine should be given autonomous authority to decide that a human being is a target to be killed. Christians disagree about when the use of force is justified at all, but deliberately designing the human moral judgement out of a decision to take human life is something I think we should resist.

The same responsibility exists at the frontier of AI development. “Somebody else will build it if we don’t” may describe the competitive pressure companies and countries feel, but it doesn’t settle whether a particular thing should be built, how quickly it should be released or what safeguards should come first.

The future risks are genuinely uncertain. That uncertainty doesn’t remove responsibility. If the possible consequences are enormous, it is a reason to proceed carefully rather than an excuse either to panic or to race ahead. God’s sovereignty is not an excuse for recklessness. Providence frees us to act responsibly without pretending that everything depends upon our ability to predict the future correctly.

Discerning what should remain ours to do

Perhaps the most practical question I have found myself asking as these tools become more capable is: if AI does this for me, what will I stop practising?

Sometimes the answer is wonderful. I have watched AI turn a bureaucratic letter that two native English speakers had to puzzle over into something an asylum seeker could understand, and then into his own language, in minutes. A disabled person may stop having to depend upon somebody else for a task technology can now make accessible. A pastor may spend less time producing administrative paperwork and more time with people. I have used these tools to make things I simply could not have made as quickly on my own. This technology can be genuinely, joyfully useful.

I might also stop copying information manually from one system to another or wrestling with document formatting. Remove that friction gladly.

Missional AI frames the question rather neatly: not simply “How should I use AI?” but “How should I not?” Their argument is that some work matters because staying with it forms the person doing it and I think that gets at something important.

Because some things matter partly because of the doing.

A child becomes capable by wrestling with problems. A musician practises. A writer sometimes discovers what they believe through the difficulty of trying to say it. A Christian learns Scripture rather than merely acquiring its summary. We learn patience by finding ourselves in situations which require patience. We learn to love partly by loving people who are not frictionless.

Christianity contains a surprising number of deliberately inefficient practices: prayer, Sabbath, fasting, shared meals, service, confession, hospitality, waiting, forgiveness, gathering physically with people we did not personally select.

We are not saved through these things. We are saved by grace. But grace forms disciples.

Educational researchers sometimes talk about “productive struggle”: the idea that some difficulty is part of how a learner becomes capable. That feels particularly important in an AI age because a system can now produce an excellent answer while allowing the user to bypass much of the thinking through which understanding develops. The OECD’s latest PISA work puts it nicely: where it enables cognitive struggle it can become a scaffold for thinking; where it short-circuits that struggle it becomes a substitute for it.

But the point is bigger than education. Christian discipleship is full of things whose value can’t be separated from actually doing them.

Prayer is not a text-generation exercise. Worship is not a music performance. Pastoral care is not simply the provision of very good advice. Fellowship is not information exchange.

That is why AI can assist all of these things without becoming any of them.

An AI might help me organise things I want to pray about. It is not therefore interceding.

It might help a preacher understand a passage. It does not therefore discern what God is saying to a congregation.

Something generated by AI might prompt me to notice something which God subsequently uses. That does not mean “the AI heard from God”.

I am trying to work this out in practice too. I have used AI extensively in building Common Good, a daily rhythm of Scripture, reflection and prayer around public life. It has helped me build something I don’t think I could have made on my own, and to create space in which other people might stop for a few minutes, read Scripture, pay attention to the world and pray.

And I have tried to build it prayerfully. I have prayed while making it, tried to discern what belongs in it and what does not and I have looked for where God might be leading rather than asking a model to tell me what God is saying.

PrayReps uses some of the same technology rather differently (and is currently undergoing a bit of surgery on its underlying data model). Paul tells Christians that “petitions, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving” should be made “for kings and all those in authority” (1 Timothy 2:1–2), and elsewhere describes governing authorities as God’s servants “who give their full time to governing” (Romans 13:6).

That means finding the right people, matching offices to places and institutions, noticing when somebody changes job and keeping the whole thing current. AI is extremely useful for that kind of sprawling data problem (at least until every country gets its own Democracy Club. It makes a scale of attention possible that I could not realistically maintain on my own, at least not without a small army.

But in both cases the infrastructure is not the thing.

AI can help me build a tool and create a prompt to pause. It can help me know who I am being asked to pray for. It cannot do the praying.

AI can assist with plenty of Christian ministry. But people still have to stop, pray, reflect, discern and take responsibility for what they do with that assistance. A machine should not pretend to possess a spiritual relationship or authority it does not have, and Christians should not lazily hand one to it.

None of that requires technological timidity. Christians can be adventurous in our use of technology while keeping those distinctions.

The question is not, “How little AI can I get away with using?” It is: what should I receive gratefully, and what should I continue to do because doing it is part of becoming the person God calls me to be?

Hopeful, because we are not the centre

There is one final temptation in Christian discussion of artificial intelligence. We can become so determined to prove human exceptionalism that we quietly make humanity the centre of Christianity.

Colossians gives us a correction. Christ is “the image of the invisible God”; all things were created through him and for him; “he is before all things, and in him all things hold together”. Colossians 1:15-20.

The centre is Christ.

If artificial intelligence turns out to have fairly ordinary limits, Christ is Lord.

If it becomes enormously more capable than we expect, Christ is Lord.

If some of our assumptions about consciousness turn out to be wrong, Christ is Lord.

If the next twenty years bring extraordinary technological abundance, or instead reveal limits, mistakes and disappointments, Christ is Lord.

We do not have to defend God’s throne by winning an argument about benchmarks.

And Christian hope goes further still. Romans 8:18-25 pictures creation groaning towards liberation. Paul centres our future upon resurrection in 1 Corinthians 15. Revelation 21:1-5 ends not with creation abandoned but with God dwelling with his people, suffering and death defeated, and the world renewed.

The biblical story travels from a garden towards a city. Human history and culture are not simply erased. But the city comes from God.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s Tower of Babel from 1563. A large, multi-tiered tower dominates the scene, inspired by the Tower of Babel. The structure features intricate architecture, with various levels and windows. Surrounding the tower are lush landscapes, bodies of water, and small boats. A group of people stands in the foreground, appearing to gaze at the tower. The sky is partly cloudy, adding a dramatic backdrop to the scene.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Tower of Babel (1563), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Babel does not eventually become Zion because human technology reaches high enough.

Pope Leo XIV makes a closely related move in Magnifica Humanitas⁠, setting Babel against the rebuilding of Jerusalem: power and self-sufficiency on one side, shared responsibility and communion on the other.

That seems a wonderfully liberating place from which to approach AI.

We can delight in human discovery without worshipping it. We can acknowledge danger without allowing fear to become our eschatology. We can ask difficult questions about power, jobs, data centres, safety and relationships. We can say yes to extraordinary technologies where they serve our neighbours, insist on safeguards where they are needed and refuse some uses altogether.

We can admit when we do not know.

And perhaps most importantly, we can become more serious about being the kind of community our theology says human beings need: more attentive when artificial attention is cheap; more hospitable when simulated companionship is always available; more willing to share when technological wealth becomes concentrated; more protective of people whose economic usefulness is questioned; more willing to accept our limits; more committed to truth; more capable of wonder; more available to one another.

AI may turn out to be one of the most extraordinary technologies human beings have ever made.

But it does not rewrite the Christian account of humanity.

We are embodied creatures, known and loved by God, made for fellowship with him and with one another, and called to stewardship and sacrificial love.

Our future does not depend upon remaining the most impressive intelligence in the universe. It rests in Jesus Christ: the Word made flesh, crucified and risen, through whom all things were made and in whom God is making all things new.


If you want to go further

AI and I pulled together some resources with routes into questions about work, relationships, children and learning, human dignity, ministry, consciousness, AI safety and the wider social impact of the technology.

You do not need to read everything. Pick the question you actually have and start there.

The first part of the list points towards other people and organisations whose work I found helpful. The final few are some of my own earlier pieces where bits of the thinking behind this article have developed.

Time / interestResourceWhy I’d read it
5 minutesFaithTech — AI resources & Redemptive AI Ethics FrameworkIf you want somewhere easy to start, I’d probably start here. Its emphasis on dignity, wisdom, stewardship and formation overlaps with quite a lot of the ground I’ve ended up covering here, and it turns that theology into a practical framework for building and using AI.
20 minutesMissional AI — The Question Isn’t “How Should I Use AI?” — It’s “How Should I Not?”This is the piece I engage with in the formation section above. We arrive at the question from slightly different directions, but their distinction between using AI and deliberately choosing not to outsource something is very close to the territory I’m trying to describe.
20–30 minutesJames Poulter — The Ethics of AI: Could We, Should We, Would We?Useful if your question is less “what is AI?” and more “how on earth do we make actual decisions about it at work?” James is particularly good at making the conversation practical without making it dull.
30–60 minutesJohn Wyatt — Authentic Relationships in an Artificial WorldIf the companionship part of this post is the bit that bothers you, read or watch this. Wyatt is especially good on embodiment, loneliness and what frictionless simulated relationships might do to us.
About an hourJohn Lennox — AI and Imago Dei / The Control ProblemVery recognisably Lennox: evangelical, lucid and confident. I’m a bit less certain than he is about some of the things a machine could never become, but that makes the material worth arguing with rather than less useful.
One book — workJames Poulter — AI at WorkFor somebody mainly asking what all this means for their organisation and their own job rather than for the doctrine of humanity. Practical and much less interested in hype than the title of most AI business books tends to make me fear.
Church practiceAI Christian Partnership — Artificial Minds + AI Guidelines for Christian MinistryGood if your church wants to get beyond opinions and actually decide some boundaries. The Wyatt/Bancewicz Artificial Minds material also goes straight at the superintelligence-and-humanity question.
Humanity & social ethicsPope Leo XIV — Magnifica HumanitasProbably the most substantial single Christian treatment of AI I have read. I was struck by how much of the same territory it covers from the perspective of Catholic social teaching: dignity before performance, limits, relationship, work, power, physical infrastructure and even Babel. It is long. It is also rather better than reading another forty AI hot takes.
Science, faith & public policyFaraday Institute — AI, Faith and the Future of SocietyUseful to go beyond an evangelical tech circle. It deliberately brings several faith traditions, science, philosophy and public policy into the same room.
Mission & human dignityLausanne — Artificial IntelligenceThere is obvious overlap here with two things I’ve argued above: that imago Dei cannot become a competition over human capability, and that Christian mission cannot simply be reduced to efficient information transfer. I would now read its confident dismissal of existential AI risk more cautiously than I would have a couple of years ago mind.
Spiritual authorityBiblica — AI PolicyThis is a policy rather than an essay, which is part of why I like it. Somebody has actually had to draw lines: substantial AI assistance, yes; pretending to be God, the Holy Spirit, a pastor or spiritual adviser, no..
Prayer & formationAlastair Roberts — The Real Problem with AI PrayersIf “an AI can generate a better prayer than I can” has crossed your mind, this is worth reading. Roberts asks a more awkward question about whether our own prayers sometimes become generated Christianese too.
Companionship & desireJay Stringer — Our Desires Need Discipline, Not the Ease of AIParticularly good on the body, desire and the vulnerability and repair involved in loving an actual person rather than something optimised around us.
What is intelligence anyway?Christianity Today — What Is (Artificial) Intelligence?Four different Christian perspectives, which is rather healthier than pretending there is one neat answer to what intelligence is. Chris Krycho’s contribution, Don’t Conflate Intelligence with Value, comes particularly close to the distinction I’m trying to make in “Beloved”.
Children & learningOECD PISA 2025 — AI and learningStrong current evidence for distinguishing AI that scaffolds learning from AI that supplies the answer and bypasses productive struggle.
Consciousness & moral statusAI and Faith — Consciousness, Intelligence and Ethics: Where Do They Overlap?Helpful because it separates intelligence, consciousness and ethical obligation and brings several religious perspectives into conversation.
A way into the encyclicalAI and Faith — A Deep Dive into the Pope’s Encyclical on Artificial IntelligenceIf Magnifica Humanitas looks rather long, this is a much shorter route into its questions about the common good, distinctiveness, efficiency and flourishing.
The scary headlinesInternational AI Safety Report 2026The best route for distinguishing genuine frontier-AI concerns from individual forecasts, corporate claims and sensational reporting. Although of course things do move very quickly.
The big factual pictureStanford AI Index 2026A broad evidence base on capabilities, investment, adoption, economics and the development of the AI industry.
Things I’ve written about on this blog
AI is about humans & institutionsAI in government: it’s about people, not technology (as always)This is where I first wrote down quite a lot of the “people before shiny technology” instinct — including the asylum-seeker story I’ve borrowed back for this post.
Community & belongingStrong branches and good shadeNot really an AI post at all. It is about the kind of intergenerational community I have in mind when I say the church needs to offer more than a critique of artificial companionship.
Work, dignity & purposeIf less work is the dream, why does it feel like a threat?The longer version of my unease about treating a job, a salary and a person’s worth as though they were basically the same thing.
Vulnerability & companionshipWhatever is nearest. Whatever is open. Whatever replies.This is where I previously tried to think about what happens when people turn to responsive AI because the human systems they actually needed were absent.
Positive use + accountabilityBeyond the vibesA useful corrective to any impression this post gives that I am reluctant about AI. I’m not. It can be extraordinary. That is one reason getting the standards and accountability right matters.
Trust, voice & institutionsBritain’s trust problem isn’t what it once wasNot an AI post either, but relevant because these technologies are arriving inside institutions and societies whose legitimacy, competence and trustworthiness are already contested.

If less work is the dream, why does it feel like a threat?

About a year ago I wrote about Vibe Coding, Fireworks and the Mortar of Government, back when I was first getting excited by the new art of the possible. Since then I’ve had a lot of fun with these toys, at home and at work, while learning a lot along the way.

That fun left me thinking about what it all might mean for public sector product management and how we organise our work. I’m not going to spend this post re-running the argument that sets out why more members of the multidisciplinary team can now directly shape the product, or getting excitable again about what happens when the distance between intent and something runnable collapses. If you want to read that, you can do that in The Future of (Public Sector) Product Management in a Vibe Coded World.

This post finds its origins somewhere else: in a throwaway comment someone made that, by making those arguments, I seemed to be excited for the most pessimistic future of the labour market.

I’d rather think of it as being optimistic about being pessimistic. And hopefully by the end of this you’ll see what I mean.

Because this is a post that asks what follows if the argument is even half right.

I’m not here to make any kind of prediction that all office jobs will disappear by Christmas. I am not trying to join the queue of people announcing that everything has already changed. 

But I think we should sit with a possibility.

What if AI doesn’t destroy work, but shrinks, thins or rearranges it enough to expose how much our social fabric relies on a particular framing of work in order for it to function?

Continue reading

Strong branches and good shade

A report that should arrest us

This morning Alan Milburn launched the Young people and work interim report. I tuned in to hear his speech and the follow-up Q&A, and I’d recommend you find the time not only to read the report but to listen to him speak to it.

It is arresting stuff. Not only because of the scale of the crisis being described, though the scale is staggering, and not only because of the policy detail, though there is plenty there worth wrestling with. But what especially struck me today was the moral seriousness with which Alan spoke about young people who are quietly disappearing from participation in the life of the country.

Over the last phase of my time at DWP, I shared my time between the team supporting this review and the jobs and careers service. Mine was a small contribution in the scheme of things, but enough to see at close quarters the seriousness, care and determination Alan and his team have brought to it.

It also means I am not a wholly impartial observer. I want this report, and the final report coming later in the year, to be read carefully, argued with seriously, and met with a level of response that matches the gravity of what it describes.

Because this is a report that asks important questions:

What happens to a society when more than one million young people are outside education, employment or training?

What happens when the pathways into adulthood no longer reliably function?

What happens when institutions each hold fragments of a person’s story, but nobody holds the whole?

And perhaps most importantly: what kind of country are we becoming if we learn to normalise this?

The review’s argument is not that this requires a temporary focus or a short-term policy tweak around the edges. We’ve been here before, oscillating between panic and amnesia. We briefly notice a crisis, announce something, fund something, brand something, and then move on before anything has changed.

No, the argument is that there has been a structural break in how young people move into work, confidence, belonging and adult life, and therefore structural change has to be the response. And that means harder questions to answer about institutions, relationships, participation, and the kind of social fabric that is required for young people to flourish.

This should arrest government.

But that is the minimum we should expect from a report like this.

Continue reading

‘Honour the emperor’

It is easy for me to write this as a middle class, white Brit for whom oppression is not something I’ve ever directly had to put up with. My response is therefore more theoretical than what faces people who are already reporting the sorts of post-Brexit hate we had here. I hope I would always seek solidarity, not safety.

Prayer

We spent last night at Central London Vineyard in solid prayer, bothering God about the state of the world.
 
It was challenging. Challenging to reflect on our own divided country as well as the one across the Atlantic. Challenging to think that most of the world’s desperate people don’t care who’s in the White House or what the EU looks like. And very challenging to hear first hand testimony of recent events in Calais and the treatment of those unaccompanied children who had found some small refuge in the Jungle.
 
And in all of that it was challenging to respond to the words of Jesus:
‘Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you.’

Continue reading

My worlds collide

When I first wrote this it was relevant but I got overtaken by other events. Still, whilst it’s old news there’s no point it staying sat in my drafts.

There is no single theme for my blog. Most of the time there’s very little overlap so maybe I should be more focused and write in different places for different content. Irrespective of that, today is a bit different.

In the aftermath of this story I’ve read a lot and heard a lot of bluster in various media. As I’m a Christian who works in local government and have family connections to church in Bideford this particular story couldn’t be more relevant. Continue reading

>Reinventing the wheel

>Sunday evening took this passage from Acts as its backdrop.

“They devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching and to the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to prayer. Everyone was filled with awe, and many wonders and miraculous signs were done by the apostles. All the believers were together and had everything in common. Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had need. Every day they continued to meet together in the temple courts. They broke bread in their homes and ate together with glad and sincere hearts, praising God and enjoying the favor of all the people. And the Lord added to their number daily those who were being saved…All the believers were one in heart and mind. No one claimed that any of his possessions was his own, but they shared everything they had. With great power the apostles continued to testify to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and much grace was upon them all. There were no needy persons among them. For from time to time those who owned lands or houses sold them, brought the money from the sales and put it at the apostles’ feet, and it was distributed to anyone as he had need. Joseph, a Levite from Cyprus, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), sold a field he owned and brought the money and put it at the apostles’ feet.”
Acts 2:42-47 and 4:32-37

That’s a revolutionary expression of community. That model of fellowship without borders was the hallmark of Jesus’ relationships. Not just with his disciples but with those society wouldn’t touch. The church of Acts are living with that same authenticity, vulnerability and generosity. They live grace, they are church. Those words aren’t theological constructs, they’re dynamic adjectives.

Their faith changed the world. Theirs a religion built around the service and love of those around them. Theirs a fundamentally relational pursuit of Jesus. Somewhere in the annals of history we dropped the ball. Religion became a dirty word bound up in ritual and show, dominated by fear, judgement and hypocrisy, not synonymous with the Gospel of ‘good news’ but seen to be something manipulative and controlling.

That’s not the true story. When the Archbishop of York was asked about his thoughts on Big Society he claimed the idea as a rebranding of what the church has been doing since its birth. For Sentamu (whose full article is well worth a read), Big Society’s just another name for the wheels which the church, alongside others, has consistently been involved with oiling for the last couple of thousand years.

Following the Spending Review the state is going to shrink, and there will be a reduction in services. There will be increasing needs and the church has the infrastructure, human resources and experience to contribute to finding solutions – the Church of England provides 23.2 million hours of voluntary service per month (and that’s just one chunk of The Church). More specific is Acts 4:35 an initiative of Archbishop Sentamu that provides a mechanism for giving money directly to others for specific purposes (in many ways it’s a local version of Kiva).

That’s great, as is our local commitment to The Besom. But we are absolutely wrong if we think that we’re the only people who care about kindling community and getting involved with transforming the lives around us. I might not enjoy the political rhetoric and cost-cutting reality that surrounds us at the moment but I do love the fact that there are lots of people who are exploring opportunities and experimenting with technology to give voice to the voiceless and support those who might otherwise fall through the gaps.

Sadly God’s hands and feet are conspicuous in their absence. This just doesn’t make sense. I can’t get my head around why we’re not round those tables, entering those debates and talking about the kind of compassion that hurts. The Acts model of community was radical 2,000 years ago and nothing has changed. What are we waiting for?

If it’s permission we’re looking for then the irony is that Acts 2 models of community are being spoken about and developed, probably by people completely oblivious to what’s written in the New Testament. Maybe it’s time we twigged that there’s universality to the wheel? God doesn’t always need us to start something, or for it to wear his brand or come under his ‘ownership’ for it to bring him glory and transform lives.

Is the Acts 2 challenge too hard given the busyness of life? I hear that, my daily commute sees me out of York for 12 hours a day. How do I foster meaningful community with those around me?Well, perhaps these four things which are already set up and focused on building relationship, fostering community and living generously can provide us with a platform inside church but also in dismantling the walls around our worshipping community.

The Big Lunch began life at The Eden Project a couple of years ago and encourages neighbours to spend the day with one another through street parties. Christine and I hosted one for our street in 2008 and it was brilliant (sadly we were both out of the country this year), instead of church on June 5th 2011 why don’t we shut up St Mike’s and break bread with our neighbours?

Flock Local was born at Glasgow’s Social Innovation Camp last June. The premise is pretty simple – directing the energy of a flash mob into an activity with a social purpose. The website provides a front end for listing local events and a mechanism for people to register, communicate and pitch in.

Street Bank exists to help people share what they’ve got with people in their locality. Sign up, list the skills you can offer your neighbours or the things you’ve got to lend or give away and see what happens.

Street Club overlaps the others and is a sophisticated approach to providing digital foundations to a local community. It’s designed to be a private online members club that revolves around ten key words – discuss, volunteer, ask, share, recommend, give, trade, play, save and party. There is something daunting about a resource this comprehensive but then it isn’t a website designed for individuals is it?

This week Conversations starts life in its latest venue (upstairs in The Graduate, formerly Varsity). I’m (justifiably) proud to belong to a community that hopefully looks like that early church. I hope we’re not just a community for ourselves but one that is committed to getting stuck into the world around us. We’re here to follow Jesus and that means pouring ourselves out for the people of York, til it hurts. Maybe signing up to a few websites can help?

Crowd Sourced Church

Last week was a bad week at work. The bid process for the fourth and final placement of the graduate scheme did not result in the outcome I had hoped for. And the circumstances surrounding that had left me both depressed and despondent.

On Sunday evening, church turned that on its head.

Earlier in the week there had been a slightly cryptic message sent into the Twitterverse

As Al started the service he said something along these lines and it started to make sense

We don’t really have a plan, there are going to be some songs, we’ll commission St Barnabas and Ursula will preach but we want to get you contributing to the service. So, tag your tweets #smlb and text your thoughts to this number or just come to the front and share

And what that resulted in was a wonderfully diverse, and rich, stream of contributions flashed up on the screens. There were texts, there were a lot of tweets and from the front there were the voices of those sharing stories without the anonymity and complexity of technology.

A church like ours is full of talented people and is incredibly well resourced in terms of preaching and leadership. That makes for a very polished experience (even when it doesn’t finish at 8.30 on the dot) but there is a certain inevitability to our slipping into being consumers and sitting passively, waiting to be entertained and edified.

The leaders of this service have a difficult task in striking the right balance and on Sunday the crowd sourced approach really worked. It did mean that things were unpredictable but it gave God the opportunity to use a variety of channels and a number of different people to be his mouthpiece.

The whole God speaking thing is one of those things that makes Christians sound mental. The kind of suggestion that gets us thrown funny looks and underlines the delusional nature of our very existence. But nevertheless, bear with me (if you’re still reading), Sunday was a wonderful example of knowing that it’s more than just coincidence. It was one of those evenings where seemingly random activity looked, and felt, very much like the well orchestrated action of a loving saviour.

The very nature of the service – built up round a sermon on forgiveness (Ursula Simpson on top form) – addressed the stuff I had gone through last week. Dealt with it and moved on. From beginning to end the service could not have been better designed if I had sat down and thought about what I needed to hear. And it wasn’t in individual songs, or words, or music, or tweets but it was in the presence of God and the answers to prayer that was evident as a product of the whole.

(Mind you, I don’t actually think that faith is a prerequisite for enjoying the content of the tweets which you can find here on What The Hashtag.)

The service came together from the contributions of the people in the pews but there was no mistaking a common thread running through it, a singular inspiration working through more than just those labelled ‘leader’.

We believe in a priesthood of all believers but often it’s hard to get people out of the pews. Did Sunday see the first shoots of something significant? It was certainly a great experience of being, not just doing, church.

I hope this isn’t just a random experiment but is something that can become a really important source of encouragement, praise and worship from day to day, not just on a Sunday. I think there’s a lot of mileage in exploring how some of the emerging trends in communication can work in a church context. It will be interesting to see if that’s true.